Numbers 21:1

the Canaanite king of Arad: It is possible that the Canaanite king of Arad felt threatened by many enemies south of his territory (compare 14:44–45). This may explain why he attacked Israel.

Arad and Hormah (21:3) were far north of Mount Hor (20:22–29; 21:4; see study note on 20:22–23). Ancient Arad is usually identified with Tell Arad. It is west of the modern Israeli town of Arad and about 80 kilometers (50 miles) north of Kadesh.

Excavations at Tell Arad have found important remains from the Early Bronze Age (about 3300–2000 BC) and the Iron Age (about 1200–500 BC). However, there is no clear evidence that people lived there during the Late Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC), the time of Israel’s exodus and wilderness journey.

Scholars have suggested several explanations:

• Some connect ancient Arad with a different site in the same region.

• Others argue that these stories were written much later and do not match archaeological discoveries.

• Still others say the evidence is incomplete and does not allow a final answer.

Similar questions about geography and archaeology appear in other parts of the Old Testament. In many cases, the available evidence does not give a certain conclusion.

Atharim is not known from any other source.

As Israel journeyed to the promised land, they traveled from Mount Hor to the plains of Moab (22:1). The story of Israel's journey emphasizes the Lord's patient plan to lead Israel into Canaan despite their weaknesses.

The general direction of their travel is clear. However, the exact path they took is not known today. Many of the places mentioned are difficult to identify.

Archaeological evidence at some sites does not match the time usually connected with the wilderness period. Because of this, there are still serious questions about geography and history in the wilderness journey.