Leviticus 11:16

Translations

Modern

…the ostrich, the screech owl, the gull, any kind of hawk,

Traditional

And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,

Literal

…and the daughter of the ostrich, and the screech owl, and the gull, and the hawk according to its kind,

Latin

…struthionem, et noctuam, et larum, et accipitrem juxta genus suum:

Original

Hebrew

English

…the ostrich, the screech owl, the gull, any kind of hawk,

Notes

Leviticus 11:13–19

The list of ceremonially unclean birds includes birds of prey and scavengers. These birds often touch dead animals and blood, making them unclean and unfit for eating and offerings. Bats fly but are not birds (Leviticus 11:19). So, they are "abnormal" and ceremonially unclean.

Leviticus 11:1–15:33

These chapters explain the rules about purity. Mixing different types of animals was forbidden (see Deuteronomy 22:9–11). This is because it opposed God's natural order. Creatures like fish without fins and scales, meat-eating animals, crawling insects, and animals without split hooves were considered "abnormal." They crossed the boundaries between "normal" types and were not suitable for food or offerings (see also Deuteronomy 14:1–21). The dietary laws intended to set Israel apart as a holy people from other nations (Leviticus 11:44–45).

Theme notes and profiles

Ancient Law Codes Clean, Unclean, and Holy

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Leviticus 11:16

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