Daniel 11:41

• the Beautiful Land: Israel (compare Daniel 8:9; 11:16) is once more the target of an evil king's attack.

• Moab, Edom, and Ammon were nations that surrounded ancient Israel and Judah.

Most commentators believe these verses describe the end of history (compare Mark 13:14; 2 Thessalonians 2:3–12; Revelation 19:19–21). These verses reflect the actions of Antiochus IV, but there is no historical record of these events. Antiochus serves as a model for future rulers who oppose the God of gods.

In this passage, the king of the South refers to Alexander's general Ptolemy and his descendants, who ruled Egypt. The king of the North refers to Alexander's general Seleucus and his descendants, who ruled Syria and Mesopotamia.

After Alexander's death, the kings of Egypt and Syria fought for control of Palestine, a strategically important land. The holy city and its people were caught between these two powers. These battles continued until their predetermined end (Daniel 11:27, 35, 40, 45; 12:1, 7).

Historical accounts of these events appear in 1, 2, and 3 Maccabees and in the works of Herodotus, Livy, Polybius, Porphyry, and Josephus.

The messenger shared a broad overview of history. It started with Persia, continued through the fall of Greece, and covered the rise and fall of a wicked king or several kings (Daniel 11:21–45). It concluded with the final resurrection and victory of God's people.

This final vision spans from 536 BC to a future when Daniel will rise from the dead and receive his inheritance. All earthly kingdoms will be destroyed. The eternal kingdom of the Son of Man will arise. God's people will finally be rescued, and death, the ultimate enemy, will be defeated.